In 1966 V. Arnold made an astonishing discovery: the incompressible Euler equations describe Riemannian geodesics on the infinite-dimensional “Lie group" of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms. This discovery led to geometric hydrodynamics – a field that today encompasses many equations of mathematical physics, information theory, shape analysis, etc. In this talk I shall address the infinite-dimensional manifold and group structures assigned to spaces of diffeomorphisms. Having such structures in place often enable out-of-the-box local existence and uniqueness results.